Et comment est-il? Résumé. [445] Moreover, each region of France has iconic traditional specialities: Cassoulet in the Southwest, Choucroute in Alsace, Quiche in the Lorraine region, Beef bourguignon in the Bourgogne, provençal Tapenade, etc. [434], France is one of the world leaders of gender equality in the workplace: as of 2017, it has 36.8% of its corporate board seats held by women, which makes it the leader of the G20 for that metric;[436] and was ranked in 2019 by the World Bank as one of the only 6 countries in the world where women have the same work rights as men. Il a les yeux petits et noirs 24. Postwar French foreign policy has been largely shaped by membership of the European Union, of which it was a founding member. La description physique. Hartnoll, Phyllis (ed.). In its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the World Health Organization found that France provided the "close to best overall health care" in the world. When acting as general purpose police force, the Gendarmerie encompasses the counter terrorist units of the Parachute Intervention Squadron of the National Gendarmerie (Escadron Parachutiste d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale), the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale), the Search Sections of the National Gendarmerie (Sections de Recherche de la Gendarmerie Nationale), responsible for criminal enquiries, and the Mobile Brigades of the National Gendarmerie (Brigades mobiles de la Gendarmerie Nationale, or in short Gendarmerie mobile) which have the task to maintain public order. [218], With more than 10 millions tourists a year, the French Riviera (French: Côte d'Azur), in Southeast France, is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the Paris region. [88] Simultaneously France renounced the assimilation of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French traditional values and cultural norms. During the reign of Philip of Valois, the French monarchy reached the height of its medieval power. These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the metric system, the Napoleonic Code and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Il a un gros nez 20. However, in July 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the French government issued 10-years bonds which had negative interest rates, for the first time in its history. Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,[234] which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea. [463] Since 1900, France has hosted the Olympics on 4 further occasions: the 1924 Summer Olympics, again in Paris[461] and three Winter Games (1924 in Chamonix, 1968 in Grenoble and 1992 in Albertville). Elle porte des couettes 15. Louis XIV also revoked the Edict of Nantes, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile. Jones, Colin. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice. Cities affected by this climate: Annecy, Besançon, Bourges, Chambéry, Clermont-Ferrand, Colmar, Dijon, Grenoble, Langres, Metz, Mulhouse, Nancy, Strasbourg. [168] The organisation managing the French help is the French Development Agency, which finances primarily humanitarian projects in sub-Saharan Africa. [398][399] The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.[400][401]. [97], Even if the French have the reputation of being one of the thinnest people in developed countries,[324][325][326][327][328] Two of the most famous French artists of the time of Baroque era, Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain, lived in Italy. France receives the highest number of tourists per year, largely thanks to the numerous cultural establishments and historical buildings implanted all over the territory. France has signed and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)[172] and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Site édité par NextInteractive. [132] The Prime Minister, currently Jean Castex, is the head of government, appointed by the President of the Republic to lead the Government of France. [437], France is one of the most liberal countries in the world when it comes to LGBT rights: a 2013 Pew Research Center poll found that 77% of the French think that same-sex relationships should be accepted by society, one of the highest acceptance rates in the world (comparable to that of other Western European nations). L’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques collecte, produit, analyse et diffuse des informations sur l’économie et la société françaises It was the time of the French Renaissance and several artists from Italy were invited to the French court; many residential palaces were built in the Loire Valley, from 1450 with as a first reference the Château de Montsoreau. Long-established TV channels TF1 (privatized in 1987), France 2 and France 3 have the highest shares, while radio stations RTL, Europe 1 and state-owned France Inter are the least listened to. An email will be delivered to . 19th-century French thought was targeted at responding to the social malaise following the French Revolution. There has been no national conscription since 1997.[171]. Merci encore pour cette découverte et la qualité du service. In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier designed several buildings in France. karigreenan. A meal often consists of three courses, hors d'œuvre or entrée (introductory course, sometimes soup), plat principal (main course), fromage (cheese course) or dessert, sometimes with a salad offered before the cheese or dessert. The war was concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 that led to Algerian independence. Recent Post by Page. [127] These cantons are then divided into 36,658 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council. The Garonne meets the Dordogne just after Bordeaux, forming the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary in Western Europe which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the Atlantic Ocean. [182] How can Europe reset the investment agenda now to rebuild its future? According to a survey held in 2016 by Institut Montaigne and Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), 51.1% of the total population of France was Christian, 39.6% had no religion (atheism or agnosticism), 5.6% were Muslims, 2.5% were followers of other faiths, and the remaining 0.4% were undecided about their faith. At this time France had become a centre of artistic creation, the first half of the 19th century being dominated by two successive movements, at first Romanticism with Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix, and Realism with Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet, a style that eventually evolved into Naturalism. Together they are among the largest armed forces in the world and the largest in the EU. [349] Outside Paris, all the large cities have a Museum of Fine Arts with a section dedicated to European and French painting. [239] In the 17th century, mathematician René Descartes defined a method for the acquisition of scientific knowledge, while Blaise Pascal became famous for his work on probability and fluid mechanics. In the late 19th century, Gustave Eiffel designed many bridges, such as Garabit viaduct, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the iconic Eiffel Tower. There is no annual registration fee or road tax; however, usage of the mostly privately owned motorways is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The counter-revolution, begun in March 1793 in the Vendée, by July had spread to Brittany, Normandy, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Toulon, and Lyon. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's population were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5 million were of European origin and 4 million of Maghrebi ancestry. [229] The Eurostar, along with the Eurotunnel Shuttle, connects with the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel. Native speakers of other languages made up the remaining 5.2% of the population.[305]. Also in March 1793, the civil war of the Vendée against Paris started, evoked by both the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790 and the nationwide army conscription early 1793; elsewhere in France rebellion was brewing too. Until 1799, politicians, apart from inventing a new parliamentary system (the 'Directory'), busied themselves with dissuading the people from Catholicism and from royalism. [151] It is an associate member of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)[152] and a leading member of the International Francophone Organisation (OIF) of 84 fully or partly French-speaking countries. [310], To this day, the government is prohibited from recognizing any specific right to a religious community (except for legacy statutes like those of military chaplains and the local law in Alsace-Moselle). [361] Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges; an example of the way this has been done is the Millau Viaduct. The Bastille Day military parade held in Paris each 14 July for France's national day, called Bastille Day in English-speaking countries (referred to in France as Fête nationale), is the oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe. As for music festivals, there are several events organised, the most popular being Eurockéennes (a word play which sounds in French as "European"), Solidays and Rock en Seine. Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law. Les adjectifs pour décrire la nourriture et les boissons 34 Terms. Terminology Etymology. English Español Français . These are the world's most innovative countries, "Human Development Index 2018 Statistical Update", "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 Executive summary p. 2", "Global300 Report 2010, International Co-operative Alliance. His mastery of orchestration is evident in the Rapsodie espagnole, Daphnis et Chloé, his arrangement of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and his orchestral work Boléro (1928). France has major military industries with one of the largest aerospace industries in the world. [423][424] The Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the second best international reputation, only behind Germany. Please allow 30 minutes to 6 hours time depending upon the size of the video. Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France. [219] It benefits from 300 days of sunshine per year, 115 kilometres (71 mi) of coastline and beaches, 18 golf courses, 14 ski resorts and 3,000 restaurants. Gaul was divided by Augustus into Roman provinces. Rosé wines are primarily consumed within the country, but Champagne and Bordeaux wines are major exports, being known worldwide. The Château de Chantilly, Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, all three located near Paris, are also visitor attractions. [287] In 2010, France received about 48,100 asylum applications—placing it among the top five asylum recipients in the world[288] and in subsequent years it saw the number of applications increase, ultimately doubling to 100,412 in 2017. [120] A regional nature park[121] (French: parc naturel régional or PNR) is a public establishment in France between local authorities and the national government covering an inhabited rural area of outstanding beauty, to protect the scenery and heritage as well as setting up sustainable economic development in the area. [235][236] 12,261 kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the Canal du Midi, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the Garonne river.[97]. Ask & … [47] The French Crusaders also imported the French language into the Levant, making French the base of the lingua franca (litt. [87] During the 1970s France faced economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the Maghreb)[87] to permanently settle in France with their families and to acquire French citizenship. [357][358], After the Revolution, the Republicans favoured Neoclassicism although it was introduced in France prior to the revolution with such buildings as the Parisian Pantheon or the Capitole de Toulouse. France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world. [204] In 2007, Euronext merged with the New York stock exchange to form NYSE Euronext, the world's largest stock exchange. Like in most industrialized nations, the print media have been affected by a severe crisis in the past decade. Francisation. 1987), p. 17. Mi casa 25 Terms. By the end of his reign, France had emerged as the most powerful state in Europe. [311] Certain groups, such as Scientology, Children of God, the Unification Church, and the Order of the Solar Temple are considered cults ("sectes" in French), and therefore do not have the same status as recognized religions in France. "[431], The French Revolution continues to permeate the country's collective memory. Most French people are of Celtic (Gauls) origin, with an admixture of Italic (Romans) and Germanic (Franks) groups. With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 1980s. The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality standards. [52][53], The French Renaissance saw a spectacular cultural development and the first standardisation of the French language, which would become the official language of France and the language of Europe's aristocracy. France was a member of the Triple Entente when World War I broke out. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174. French explorers, such as Bougainville and Lapérouse, took part in the voyages of scientific exploration through maritime expeditions around the globe. Descartes revitalised Western philosophy, which had been declined after the Greek and Roman eras. Clovis regained the southwest from the Visigoths, was baptized in 508, and made himself master of what is now western Germany. [428] As of 2017[update], the favourable view of the United States had dropped to 46%. [325][327][330] Authorities now regard obesity as one of the main public health issues and fight it fiercely. The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) has been ranked by the Nature Index 2020 as the fourth institution with highest share of articles published in scientific journals in the world. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), electronic duos Daft Punk, Justice and Air also reached worldwide popularity and contributed to the reputation of modern electronic music in the world.[386][388][389]. In 1940, France was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany and Italy. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur or Francis Veber in the United States. • The warm-summer mediterranean climate (Csb) is found in the northern part of Brittany. The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages, except in northern Gaul where Roman settlements were less dense and where Germanic languages emerged. In contrast, the five overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.[129]. The Grandes écoles have been criticized for alleged elitism, producing many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs, and politicians.[338]. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people. Qui est-ce Bobby? A factionalist feud in the National Convention, smoldering ever since October 1791, came to a climax with the group of the 'Girondins' on 2 June 1793 being forced to resign and leave the convention. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science, literature and international affairs, and remained so until the 20th century. Gaul was then a prosperous country, of which the southernmost part was heavily subject to Greek and Roman cultural and economic influences. However, this was not always the case. Summers are cool, short and wet, while winters are very cold and snowy. The Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia continue to use the CFP franc[128] whose value is strictly linked to that of the euro. He is however best known for being the main redactor of the Encyclopédie, whose aim was to sum up all the knowledge of his century (in fields such as arts, sciences, languages, and philosophy) and to present them to the people, to fight ignorance and obscurantism. France has 37 sites inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List and features cities of high cultural interest, beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (green tourism). [390][391] Major music halls and venues in France include Le Zénith sites present in many cities and other places in Paris (Paris Olympia, Théâtre Mogador, Élysée Montmartre). [116] France had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.52/10, ranking it 123rd globally out of 172 countries. Metropolitan France includes various coastal islands, of which the largest is Corsica. As of 2016[update], French government debt levels reached 2.2 trillion euros, the equivalent of 96.4% of French GDP. Some authors of French medieval texts are unknown, such as Tristan and Iseult and Lancelot-Grail. [260] This was the highest rate since the end of the baby boom in 1973, and coincides with the rise of the total fertility rate from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010. The French nobility played a prominent role in most Crusades to restore Christian access to the Holy Land. The French Revolution in 1789 saw the fall of the absolute monarchy that characterized the Ancien Régime. Secondary education also consists of two phases. More recently, the middle of the 20th century, Maurice Ohana, Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Boulez contributed to the evolutions of contemporary classical music.[383]. Mountains affected by this climate: Aiguilles-Rouges, Aravis, the top of Crêt de la neige (rare, altitude 1,718 m) and the top of Grand-Ballon (rare, altitude 1,423 m). Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back? [202] The Paris stock exchange (French: La Bourse de Paris) is an old institution, created by Louis XV in 1724. La loi du 21 avril 1906 portant sur la protection des monuments naturels et des sites en France a été modifiée par la loi du 2 mai 1930 (articles L. 341-1 à 22 et R. 341-1 à 31 du code de l'environnement). In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu theorised the principle of separation of powers, which has been implemented in all liberal democracies since it was first applied in the United States. La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ? [citation needed]. Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré, physicists Henri Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie, who remained famous for their work on radioactivity, the physicist Paul Langevin and virologist Luc Montagnier, co-discoverer of HIV AIDS. France . The Ministry of Culture has been very active since its creation, granting subsidies to artists, promoting French culture in the world, supporting festivals and cultural events, protecting historical monuments. [290][291][292] In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey. About the situation in April 1793, when General … France has produced some of the greatest players in the world, including three time FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane, three time Ballon d'Or recipient Michel Platini, record holder for most goals scored at a World Cup Just Fontaine, first football player to receive the Légion d'honneur Raymond Kopa, and the record goalscorer for the French national team Thierry Henry. There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of the European continent. Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. Higher education is divided between public universities and the prestigious and selective Grandes écoles, such as Sciences Po Paris for Political studies, HEC Paris for Economics, Polytechnique, the École des hautes études en sciences sociales for Social studies and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris that produce high-profile engineers, or the École nationale d'administration for careers in the Grands Corps of the state. The country's eighteen integral regions (five of which are situated overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.41 million (as of January 2021[update]). The earliest French literature dates from the Middle Ages, when what is now known as modern France did not have a single, uniform language. The Senate's legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final say. 03 - Les vacances en France; 04 - Les gens; 05 - Bon appétit! [183] France also possesses in 2020 the fourth-largest gold reserves in the world. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism influenced many composers who followed. The Oxford Companion to the Theatre, 1983, Oxford University Press, p. 554. French adjectives describing foods 25 Terms. [99] Other water courses drain towards the Meuse and Rhine along the north-eastern borders. [46] His descendants—the Capetians, the House of Valois and the House of Bourbon—progressively unified the country through wars and dynastic inheritance into the Kingdom of France, which was fully declared in 1190 by Philip II of France (Philippe Auguste). In the context of the Cold War, De Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the Western and Eastern blocs. Under Napoleon III, a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth; extravagant buildings such as the neo-baroque Palais Garnier were built. [374] Jean-Paul Sartre was also the first nominee in the committee's history to refuse the prize in 1964.[374]. [331] Nevertheless, rates of childhood obesity are slowing in France, while continuing to grow in other countries. The Prix Goncourt is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903. [21], The etymology of *Frank is uncertain. Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, Baroque architecture replaced the traditional Gothic style. 2003 ... Saint Jacques et la France: actes du colloque des 18 et 19 janvier 2001 à la fondation Singer-Polignac [Saint James and France: Proceedings of the Symposium of the 18th and 19th of January at the Singer-Polignac Foundation], Editions du CERF, →ISBN, page 388: Le même exemplum y est placé juste après celui décrivant le châtiment tout … 3. France (French: ), officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consisting of metropolitan France and several overseas regions and territories. But France once again emerged as Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power in the 17th century under Louis XIV following the Thirty Years' War. Modern philosophy began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, and Nicolas Malebranche. [265] Average life expectancy at birth is 82.7 years, the 12th highest in the world. Since 2016 France is mainly divided into 18 administrative regions: 13 regions in metropolitan France (including the territorial collectivity of Corsica),[125] and five located overseas. The French Republic is divided into 18 regions (located in Europe and overseas), five overseas collectivities, one overseas territory, one special collectivity – New Caledonia and one uninhabited island directly under the authority of the Minister of Overseas France – Clipperton.