[17] What remained of IG Farben in the West was split in 1951 into its six constituent companies, then again into three: BASF, Bayer and Hoechst. Also presided over the GfK (Society for Consumer Research) and the Foreign Trade Committee of the BDI, Federation of German Industry. The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al. IG Farben was the private German chemicals company allied with the Nazis that manufactured the Zyklon B gas used to commit genocide against millions of European Jews in the Holocaust. The judges were Curtis Grover Shake (presiding), James Morris, Paul M. Hebert, and Clarence F. Merrell as an alternate judge. Produk yang dihasilkan oleh IG Farben termasuk pewarna sintetik, getah nitril, poliuretana, Prontosil, dan Resochin, antara lain. Farbenindustrie and the Control Thereof", formalized the seizure for "knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential". www.verfassungen.de. Farben and Krupp trials", "Elimination of German Resources for War", "Die Entflechtung der I.G. Throughout that decade it purged itself of its Jewish employees; the remainder left in 1938. Acting as leaders in a conspiracy to commit the crimes mentioned under counts 1, 2, and 3. [14] IG Farben executives did visit Auschwitz but not Auschwitz II-Birkenau, where the gas chambers were located. Farben – from Anilin to forced labor” by Jörg Hunger and Paul Sander) Scientific experiments were also done in other concentration camps. In 1908 Hoechst and Cassella acquired 88 percent of the shares of Chemische Fabrik Kalle. It manufactured Zyklon B, the gas-chamber poison, among many other products, and its factories exploited more than 35,000 slave laborers, many from Auschwitz. 52", 2 July 1945, which allowed the US to disperse "ownership and control of such of the plants and equipment seized under this order as have not been transferred or destroyed". In 1978 Joseph Borkin, who investigated the company as a United States Justice Department lawyer, quoted an American report: "Without I.G. They wanted to expand their plants and work on a synthetic gasoline program. In September 1944 Fritz ter Meer, a member of IG Farben's supervisory board and future chair of Bayer's board of directors, and Ernst Struss, secretary of the company's managing board, are said to have made plans to destroy company files in Frankfurt in the event of an American invasion. The Nazi chemicals giant IG Farben used forced labor and made poison gas. IG Farben was the private German chemicals company allied with the Nazis that … [23] In contrast, the chairman of Bayer, Carl Duisberg, argued for a merger. IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry. [a] These companies continued to operate as an informal cartel and played a major role in the West German Wirtschaftswunder. IG Farben was also the company that developed the Zyklon B gas that was used in Nazi death camps to kill Jews and other “undesirables.” Furthermore, IG Farben relied on concentration camp slave labor throughout World War II and the Holocaust. He stated that: ...the record shows that Farben willingly cooperated and gladly utilized each new source of manpower as it developed. [62], The Americans seized the company's property under "General Order No. The minutes of a meeting of the Commercial Committee on 10 September 1937 noted: It is generally agreed that under no circumstances should anybody be assigned to our agencies abroad who is not a member of the German Labor Front and whose positive attitude towards the new era has not been established beyond any doubt. [1] The supervisory board members became widely known as, and were said to call themselves jokingly, the "Council of Gods" (Rat der Götter). II, which was in charge of the, 7 years, including time already served; died 1967. Verfassungen der Welt. Head of dept. Two years earlier, another part of Hoechst was sold in 1997 to the chemical spin-off of Sandoz, the Muttenz (Switzerland) based Clariant. The firm's factories included a synthetic rubber plant at the Auschwitz concentration camp where 30,000 people worked until they died or were deemed unfit and sent to the gas chambers. In 2003 Degussa, a company closely associated with IG Farben during the Nazi period, was involved in a major controversy surrounding its involvement in the construction of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe ("Holocaust Memorial") in Berlin. The patients were suffering from, and in many cases had been deliberately infected with, typhoid, tuberculosis, diphtheria and other diseases, then were given preparations named Rutenol, Periston, B-1012, B-1034, B-1036, 3582 and P-111. 10, October 1946 – April 1949", The Authentic Records from the Nuremberg Tribunal Against the Oil and Drug Cartel, The “relay of life” to the next generation - IG Farben connection, Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IG_Farben_Trial&oldid=992934374, United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals, Articles needing additional references from March 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 6 years, including time already served; died 1968, 4 years, including time already served; died 1960, 2½ years, including time already served; died 1962, Chief Counsel; Head of the legal department, Head of dept. Aerial photograph of Auschwitz, June 1944, showing the IG Farben plant, Peter Hayes (2001): "[I]t was Zyklon B, a granular vaporizing pesticide, that asphyxiated the Jews of Auschwitz, and a subsidiary of IG, the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Schädlingsbekämpfung MbH (German Vermin-Combating Corporation), or Degesch, that controlled the manufacture and distribution of the Zyklon. 10, October 1946 – April 1949", "Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. Now IG Farben … 2 pursuant to Military Government Law No. [57], The company destroyed most of its records as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. The company, in turn, blamed ongoing legal disputes with the former captive labourers for its inability to be legally dissolved and have the remaining assets distributed as reparations. Einige Zulieferfirmen sind bekannt. They produced everything from pharmaceuticals to manufacturing chemicals to explosives. IG Farben owned 42.5 percent of Degesch shares, and three members of Degesch's 11-person executive board, Wilhelm Rudolf Mann, Heinrich Hörlein and Carl Wurster, were directors of IG Farben. The indictment was filed on May 3, 1947; the trial lasted from August 27, 1947, until July 30, 1948. Of the 50 typhoid sufferers given 3852, 15 died; 40 of the 75 tuberculosis patients given Rutenol died. Of course all of the Farben people knew what was going on. [20] Because of this unique situation, the economic historian Alfred Chandler called the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises". Profits of the three firms were pooled, with BASF and Bayer getting 43 percent and Agfa 14 percent of all profits. Höss replied that he could not discuss it and thereafter assumed that Dürrfeld knew. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. L'abréviation IG Farben désigne la société allemande fondée le 1er janvier 1925 sous le nom de IG-Farbenindustrie AGnote 1. [58] Charles Coward, a British POW who had been held at Auschwitz III, told the IG Farben trial: The population at Auschwitz was fully aware that people were being gassed and burned. [b][15], The Allies seized the company at the end of the war in 1945[a] and the US authorities put its directors on trial. IG Farben has been described as "the most notorious German industrial concern during the Third Reich". The judges ruled that the prosecution had not shown that the defendants or executive board "had any persuasive influence on the management policies of Degesch or any significant knowledge as to the uses to which its production was being put". In World War II, an IG Farben subsidiary, Degesch, manufactured Zyklon B, the poison gas used at the extermination camps (the other supplier of the gas was the firm Tesch/Stabenow). The charges consequently centered on preparing to wage an aggressive war, but also on slave labor and plundering. Zyklon B was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. manufactured the Zyklon-B used to murder over 6 million Jews, Poles, Gypsies, homosexuals and Russians in the concentration camp GAS CHAMBERS—they were carrying out Pilgrims Society depopulation. [2], Willing cooperation with the slave labor utilization of the Third Reich was a matter of corporate policy that permeated the whole Farben organization... For this reason, criminal responsibility goes beyond the actual immediate participants at Auschwitz. [38] Degesch originally supplied the gas to Auschwitz to fumigate clothing that was infested with lice, which carried typhus. On one occasion they complained about the stench of the burning bodies. [45], For one experiment, which tested an anaesthetic, Bayer had 150 women sent from Auschwitz to its own facility. [51], Several IG Farben executives said after the war that they did not know about the gassings, despite the increase in sales of Zyklon B to Auschwitz. [citation needed], Although IG Farben was officially put into liquidation in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. At Auschwitz they were led by Bayer employee Helmuth Vetter, an Auschwitz camp physician and SS captain, and Auschwitz physicians Friedrich Entress and Eduard Wirths. The IG Farben plant's workforce consisted of slave labour from Auschwitz, leased to the company by the SS for a low daily rate. One ton of Zyklon B was enough to kill around 312,500 people. [72] Those who served prison sentences included: Agfa, BASF and Bayer remained in business; Hoechst spun off its chemical business in 1999 as Celanese AG before merging with Rhône-Poulenc to form Aventis, which later merged with Sanofi-Synthélabo to form Sanofi. The manpower was thousands of forced laborers, most of them Jews, who suffered from hunger and cold and died from the harsh working conditions. War crimes and crimes against humanity through participation in the, Membership in a criminal organization, the. In France Établissements Poulenc Frères and Société Chimique des Usines du Rhône merged to form Rhône-Poulenc in 1928. Resumed his position at Bayer. The remaining few left in 1938 after Hermann Göring issued a decree, as part of the Nazis' Four Year Plan (announced in 1936), that the German government would make foreign exchange available to German firms to fund construction or purchases overseas only if certain conditions were met, which included making sure the company employed no Jews.[9]. Most were quickly restored to their directorships and other positions in post-war companies, and some were awarded the Federal Cross of Merit. [46] A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. In 1951 the company was split into its original constituent companies. [33], Throughout the 1930s the company underwent a process of Aryanization, and by 1938 Jewish employees had been dismissed and the Jews on the board had resigned. Royal Dutch Shell was a business partner of I.G. Une « petite IG », par opposition à lIG de 1925, a été fondée en 1905 par rapprochement concerté des sociétés chimiques BASF, Bayer et Agfa. Formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies—BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Farben (Excerpt from “I.G. Weiler Ter Meer (1.9 percent). [30] The IG Farben Building, headquarters for the conglomerate in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, was completed in 1931. In 1938 the company had 218,090 employees. Tuhansia ihmisiä kuoli pakkotyönsä aikana. The defendants in this case had all been directors of IG Farben, a large German conglomerate of chemical firms. I, in charge of nitrogen and gasoline production; Head of the chemical warfare committee at the war ministry; 8 years including time already served; died 1990, Removed from trial due to medical reasons, 2 years including time already served-died 1966, 6 years including time already served; died 1969, 2 years including time already served-died 15 Nov 1950, 3 years including time already served; died 1966, 1½ years including time already served; died 1965, 2 years including time already served; died 1954, 8 years including time already served; died 1967, Head of sales for dyestuffs for south-eastern Europe, 1½ years including time already served. [2] In 1945, according to Raymond G. Stokes, it manufactured all the synthetic rubber and methanol in Germany, 90 percent of its plastic and "organic intermediates", 84 percent of its explosives, 75 percent of its nitrogen and solvents, around 50 percent of its pharmaceuticals, and around 33 percent of its synthetic fuel. Farbenindustrie AG, var en tysk kemi- och läkemedelskoncern.IG Farben med huvudkontor i Frankfurt am Main blev världens största kemikoncern efter bildandet 1925. "[40] The company placed its resources, technical capabilities and overseas contacts at the German government's disposal. Moderna was a pharmaceutical company that started in Germany under the name IG Farben," the conspiracy further states. The dispute arose mainly because Degussa had also owned 42.2 percent of the shares in Degesch (… As almost all its assets and all its activities had been transferred to the original constituent companies, IG Farben was from 1952 largely a shell company with no real activity. Le Zyklon B est un pesticide à base d'acide cyanhydrique breveté par le chimiste Walter Heerdt (ancien collaborateur de Fritz Haber) et produit par la firme allemande Degesch.. Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les nazis l'ont utilisé dans les chambres à gaz des centres d'extermination : les premiers essais homicides ont été effectués dans le bloc 11 d'Auschwitz I … [10] When World War II began, it was the fourth largest corporation in the world and the largest in Europe. "[42], By 1943 IG Farben was manufacturing products worth three billion marks in 334 facilities in occupied Europe; almost half its workforce of 330,000 men and women consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners. [49] The gas was first used on human beings in Auschwitz (650 Soviet POWs and 200 others) in September 1941. L'insetticida Zyklon B, del quale la IG Farben deteneva il brevetto, e che veniva usato nelle camere a gas per gli omicidi di massa, era fabbricato dalla Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), una società posseduta al 42,2% dalla IG Farben e che aveva manager della IG Farben nel suo consiglio di amministrazione. "IG Farben-Haus, Geschichte und Gegenwart" (in German). [70] Ambros, Bütefisch, Dürrfeld, Krauch and ter Meer were convicted of "participating in ... enslavement and deportation for slave labor".[71]. The remaining property, worth DM 21 million (£6.7 million or €10.7 million), went to a buyer. IG Farben toimitti tuhoamis-ja keskitysleireille vankien surmaamiseen käytetyn Zyklon B-myrkkykaasun. While it did not join a national compensation fund set up in 2001 to pay the victims, it contributed 500,000 DM (£160,000 or €255,646) towards a foundation for former captive labourers under the Nazi regime. IG Farben, Interessengemeinschaft der deutschen Teerfarbenindustrie (Tyska tjärfärgsindustrins intressegemenskap) och från 1925 I.G. The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al., also known as the IG Farben Trial, was the sixth of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany (Nuremberg) after the end of World War II. produziert. [25][page needed], Hoechst and several pharmaceutical firms refused to join. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. It includes other Farben Vorstand plant-managers and embraces all who knowingly participated in the shaping of the corporate policy.[3][4]. (Monowitz came to be known as Auschwitz III; Auschwitz I was the administrative centre and Auschwitz II-Birkenau the extermination camp.) John Paul II 1978- 2005 "In the early 1940`s, the I.G. [12][13] One of its subsidiaries supplied the poison gas, Zyklon B, that killed over one million people in gas chambers during the Holocaust. When the workers became too weak from starvation or illness to work for the cartel, they were gassed in the camp by a prized IG Farben product called Zyklon-B. Fritz Bauer Institute. [21], With the world market for synthetic dyes and other chemical products dominated by the German industry, German firms competed vigorously for market shares. Fumigation took place within a closed room, but it was a slow process, so Degesch recommended building small gas chambers, which heated the gas to over 30 °C and killed the lice within one hour. The four largest quickly bought the smaller ones. [61] Dürrfeld was sentenced to eight years, then pardoned in 1951 by John McCloy, the American high commissioner for Germany, after which he joined the management or supervisory boards of several chemical companies. Ernst Struss, secretary of the IG Farben's managing board, testified after the war that the company's chief engineer at Auschwitz had told him about the gassings. [62] As the Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945 to liberate it, IG Farben reportedly destroyed the company's records inside the camp,[63] and in the spring of 1945, the company burned and shredded 15 tons of paperwork in Frankfurt. [60] Wurster became chair of the IG Farben board, helped to reestablish BASF as a separate company, and became an honorary professor at the University of Heidelberg. Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods". [64], In the Western occupation zone, the idea of destroying the company was abandoned as the policy of denazification evolved,[10] in part because of a need for industry to support reconstruction, and in part because of the company's entanglement with American companies, notably the successors of Standard Oil. [24] In 1904, after returning to Germany, he proposed a nationwide merger of the producers of dye and pharmaceuticals in a memorandum to Gustav von Brüning, the senior manager at Hoechst. 9, "Seizure of Property owned by I.G. [1] BASF was the nominal survivor; all shares were exchanged for BASF shares. Farbenindustrie AG in Liquidation).[66]. Efter andra världskriget splittrades koncernen (bland annat … Joined supervisory boards of Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG Trostberg and Rheinauer Holzhydrolyse-GmbH, Mannheim. There were five counts against the IG Farben directors: Of the 24 defendants arraigned, one fell ill and his case was discontinued. The pesticide Zyklon B, for which IG Farben held the patent, was manufactured by Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), which IG Farben had 42.2 percent (in shares) of and which had IG managers in its Managing Committee. The indictment was filed on 3 May 1947; the trial lasted from 27 August 1947 until 30 July 1948. In 1947 the American government put IG Farben's directors on trial. [citation needed] In January 1955 the Allied High Commission issued the I.G. The successor companies remain some of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies. est le sixième des douze procès pour crimes de guerre organisés après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale par les autorités américaines dans leur zone d'occupation en Allemagne, à Nuremberg. Similar mergers took place in other countries. I — Indicted   G — Indicted and found guilty. Died 1968. On count three ("slave labor"), the judgement "allowed the defendants the benefit of the defense of 'necessity'" (Telford Taylor, "The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials"; International Conciliation, No. Orders to that effect again are to be given to the leading German gentlemen so that there may be no misunderstanding in their execution. Hayes writes that the inmates of Auschwitz III, which supplied the slave labour for IG Farben, were well aware of the gas chambers, in part because of the stench from the Auschwitz II crematoria, and in part because IG Farben supervisors in the camp spoke about the gassings, including using the threat of them to make the inmates work harder. 9". Judge Hebert filed a dissenting opinion, in which he argued that the defense of "necessity" did not apply and that all defendants should have been found guilty on count 3 of the indictment. Työntekijät tehtaalle saatiin viereisen Monowitzin leirin vangeista. When World War II began, it was the fourth largest corporation in the world and the largest in Europe. [41], This message was repeated by Wilhelm Rudolf Mann, who chaired a meeting of the Bayer division board of directors on 16 February 1938, and who in an earlier meeting had referred to the "miracle of the birth of the German nation": "The chairman points out our incontestable being in line with the National Socialist attitude in the association of the entire 'Bayer' pharmaceutica and insecticides; beyond that, he requests the heads of the offices abroad to regard it as their self-evident duty to collaborate in a fine and understanding manner with the functionaries of the Party, with the DAF (German Workers' Front), et cetera. Du Bois, Josiah Ellis; Johnson, Edward (1953). Three major firms BASF, Bayer and Hoechst, produced several hundred different dyes. This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 00:25. [a], In its heyday, IG Farben was the largest company in Europe and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world. Farben Leverkusen and sold from the Bayer sales office through Degesch, an independent license holder. In 1926 IG Farben had a market capitalization of 1.4 billion Reichsmark (equivalent to 5 billion 2017 euros) and a workforce of 100,000, of which 2.6 percent were university educated, 18.2 percent were salaried professionals and 79.2 percent were workers. In 1932, representatives met with Hitler to ascertain if he would support their endeavors.